🔬 Ciencias en Inglés 🔬

¡Prepárate para tu examen de Science! 📚

🦴 Tema 1: Muscular & Skeleton Systems

🏥 Tema 2: Health Care System

🦠 Tema 3: Diseases

📖 Guide: Muscular & Skeleton Systems

🦴 Bones

Bones are hard, strong, living organs. They support the body, protect internal organs, and work with muscles to allow movement.

Types of Bones

🔹 Short Bones

Example: vertebrae
(vértebras)

🔲 Flat Bones

Example: bones of the skull
(huesos del cráneo)

📏 Long Bones

Example: bones in our limbs
(huesos de las extremidades)

🔗 Joints

Bones meet at the joints (articulaciones). There are two types of joints:

🔄 Moveable Joints

The bones can move.
Examples: elbow and knee
(codo y rodilla)

🔒 Fixed Joints

The bones do not move.
Example: skull
(cráneo)

Cartilage (cartílago): In moveable joints, the ends of the bones are covered in cartilage — a tissue that stops the bones rubbing together.

Ligaments (ligamentos): Tissues that hold the bones together at the joint.

Structure of a Moveable Joint (Elbow)

🦴 Bone

Hard, strong, living organ

🫧 Cartilage

Covers the ends of bones; stops rubbing

🪢 Ligament

Holds the bones together

💪 Muscles

Muscles are elastic organs that contract in response to orders from the nervous system (sistema nervioso).

The muscles of the muscular system are called skeletal muscles (músculos esqueléticos).

Many muscles are attached to the bones by tendons (tendones) — bands of strong tissue.

Shapes of Skeletal Muscles

📏 Long Muscles

Narrow ends, wider middle
(extremos estrechos, centro ancho)

✊ Short Muscles

Such as those in the hands and feet
(como los de las manos y pies)

⭕ Circular Muscles

Shaped like a ring. Examples: eye and mouth muscles
(forma de anillo: ojos y boca)

📄 Flat Muscles

Like a sheet. Example: muscles of the abdomen
(como una lámina: abdomen)

Diagram showing the four shapes of skeletal muscles

❤️ Health: Keeping Our Systems Healthy

How can we keep our skeletal and muscular systems healthy?

Common Injuries (Lesiones comunes)

🩹 Fracture

A broken bone
(hueso roto)

🤕 Sprain

A ligament is stretched
(esguince)

😣 Muscle Contracture

Contraction of a muscle
(contractura muscular)

Healthy Habits (Hábitos saludables)

🏃 Physical Exercise

(ejercicio físico)

🥗 Healthy Diet

(dieta saludable)

🌳 Spend Time Outdoors

(pasar tiempo al aire libre)

Three Types of Health

🏋️ Physical Health

Your body functions correctly, no disease, no accidents
(el cuerpo funciona correctamente)

🧠 Mental Health

Good relationships, happy with yourself, control your emotions
(buenas relaciones, feliz contigo mismo)

🤝 Social Health

The conditions in which you are born, grow, work, and live
(condiciones en las que naces, creces, trabajas, vives)

📖 Guide: Health Care System

🔑 Key Vocabulary

English 🇬🇧	Español 🇪🇸
health care	atención sanitaria
hospital	hospital
doctor / physician	médico
nurse	enfermero/a
pharmacy	farmacia
patient	paciente
diagnosis	diagnóstico
treatment	tratamiento

🏥 What is the Health Care System?

The health care system is made up of all the services that provide medical help to people who need it.

(El sistema sanitario está formado por todos los servicios que proporcionan ayuda médica a las personas que lo necesitan.)

It includes doctors, nurses, hospitals, health centres, pharmacies, and emergency services working together to keep us healthy.

🏗️ Three Levels of Health Care in Spain

In Spain, the health care system is organised into three levels, depending on the type of help you need:

Levels of Health Care

🩺 Primary Care

The first place you go when you need medical help. You visit your local health centre and see a general practitioner (GP).

(Atención primaria — cuando necesitas ayuda médica por primera vez, vas al centro de salud y ves al médico de cabecera.)

🏥 Hospital Care

When you need more tests, specialist treatment, or an operation. Your GP refers you to the hospital.

(Atención hospitalaria — cuando necesitas más pruebas o tratamiento especializado, tu médico te envía al hospital.)

🚑 Emergency Care

When you need urgent attention right away — for example, a serious accident or sudden illness. You go to the emergency room or call an ambulance.

(Urgencias — cuando necesitas atención urgente de inmediato, por ejemplo un accidente grave o una enfermedad repentina.)

Remember: Always start with primary care unless it is an emergency. Your GP will help you decide if you need hospital care. (Recuerda: empieza siempre por atención primaria, salvo que sea una urgencia.)

📖 Guide: Diseases

🔑 Key Vocabulary

English 🇬🇧	Español 🇪🇸
disease	enfermedad
infection	infección
pathogen	patógeno
bacteria	bacteria
virus	virus
fungi	hongos
protozoa	protozoos
symptom	síntoma
sign	signo
convalescence	convalecencia
allergy	alergia

🦠 Infectious Diseases (Enfermedades infecciosas)

Infectious diseases are caused by germs (gérmenes) — tiny living things and viruses, also called pathogens (patógenos). They can be transmitted from one person to another.

Four Types of Germs

🔬 Bacteria

Tiny single-celled living things that can multiply quickly inside the body.

(Bacterias — seres vivos unicelulares diminutos que se multiplican rápidamente dentro del cuerpo.)

🧫 Viruses

Very tiny particles that need to enter a living cell to reproduce.

(Virus — partículas muy pequeñas que necesitan entrar en una célula viva para reproducirse.)

🍄 Fungi

Organisms such as moulds and yeasts that can cause infections on the skin or inside the body.

(Hongos — organismos como mohos y levaduras que pueden causar infecciones en la piel o dentro del cuerpo.)

🔎 Protozoa

Single-celled organisms that live in water or soil and can cause diseases like malaria.

(Protozoos — organismos unicelulares que viven en el agua o el suelo y pueden causar enfermedades como la malaria.)

Symptoms vs Signs

🤒 Symptoms

Signs of illness that the person feels — for example, pain, tiredness, or nausea.

(Síntomas — señales de enfermedad que la persona siente, por ejemplo dolor, cansancio o náuseas.)

🩺 Signs

Observable indicators that a medical professional looks for — for example, fever, rash, or itching/irritation.

(Signos — indicadores observables que busca el profesional médico, por ejemplo fiebre, erupción o picor/irritación.)

Stages of an Infectious Disease (Etapas de una enfermedad infecciosa)

1️⃣ Infection

Germs enter the body through the mouth, nose, skin, or a wound.

(Infección — los gérmenes entran en el cuerpo por la boca, nariz, piel o una herida.)

2️⃣ Symptoms

The person feels ill. The germs are multiplying and the body starts to react.

(Síntomas — la persona se siente enferma. Los gérmenes se multiplican y el cuerpo empieza a reaccionar.)

3️⃣ Convalescence

The defence system is activated, eliminates the germs, and the person recovers.

(Convalecencia — el sistema de defensa se activa, elimina los gérmenes y la persona se recupera.)

🚫 Non-Infectious Diseases (Enfermedades no infecciosas)

Non-infectious diseases are NOT transmitted — they cannot be caught or spread from person to person.

(Las enfermedades no infecciosas NO se transmiten — no se pueden contagiar ni propagar de persona a persona.)

Causes of Non-Infectious Diseases

⚠️ Accidents

(Accidentes)

🤧 Allergies

(Alergias)

🧬 Cell Mutation

(Mutación celular)

🍔 Diet

(Dieta)

👴 Ageing

(Envejecimiento)

🧠 Mental Health

(Salud mental)

📝 Test: Muscular & Skeleton Systems

0/0

📝 Test: Health Care System

0/0

📝 Test: Diseases

0/0